Factors Behind the Success of ?al??udd?n Ayy?b? in Reconquering Jerusalem Compared to the Failure of the Contemporary Muslim World

Abstract

This thesis investigates the remarkable success of ?al??udd?n Ayy?b? in liberating Jerusalem in 1187 CE, analyzing the spiritual, political, economic, military prowess, and technological foundations that enabled his victory. Drawing from both historical sources—such as The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin by Baha ad-Din Ibn Shadd?d—and contemporary scholarship, it explores the unique leadership model exemplified by ?al??udd?n and contrasts it with the current condition of the Muslim world. His unity-driven strategy, grounded in Islamic ethics and pragmatism, stands in sharp contrast to today’s political fragmentation, economic dependency, and declining spiritual focus across much of the Muslim ummah. ?al??udd?n’s governance model emphasized justice (‘adl), consultation (sh?r?), equitable taxation, anti-corruption reforms, and military efficiency—all underpinned by a revivalist Islamic ethos. His ability to forge alliances across sectarian divides, strategically defeat the Crusader states, and inspire enduring loyalty among Muslims and even respect from Christians serves as a model of ethical and effective leadership. The thesis shows how his victories were made possible not just by military might, but by deep moral conviction and religious unification. In contrast, the modern Muslim world struggles with disunity, authoritarian regimes, underinvestment in education and defense, and a waning commitment to Islamic principles. Using prophetic hadiths—particularly those warning of materialism, abandonment of jihad, and love for the world—as interpretive lenses, this study links past causes of decline (such as the Ottoman Empire's collapse) with current patterns. It contends that true revival will require a return to sincere religious practice, intellectual renewal, and collective strategic vision. Contemporary demographic trends offer new opportunities. Based on Pew Research Center projections, Muslims are set to become the second-largest religious group in both the United States and Europe, and could globally surpass Christianity by mid-century. This demographic growth, if paired with ideological clarity and political reform, has the potential to translate into lasting geopolitical influence. Finally, the thesis turns to the current situation in Palestine and Israel. The decline in Israeli unity, a shrinking population for the first time post-2023, growing international condemnation, and U.S. public disapproval—especially among younger generations—signal that the Zionist state may face increasing isolation. When viewed in the light of Islamic history and current trends, the thesis concludes with hope: that the Muslim world, like in ?al??udd?n’s time, may soon unite to liberate Masjid Al-Aqsa, end the occupation of Palestine, and restore justice.