A Framework to Achieve Universal Primary Education Targets in Pakistan: Existing Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract

This research critically analyses the challenges hindering the attainment of Universal Primary Education (UPE) in Pakistan, exploring the challenges faced by the various stakeholders such as policymakers, administrators, head teachers, and implementers. Although the government is making efforts, Pakistan still has the largest number of out-of-school children, and UPE attainment is a major challenge. The research analyzes the major factors influencing UPE such as the lack of proper educational infrastructure, socio-economic challenges, government policy, and cultural hindrances. It also delves into opportunities and new ways of enhancing UPE efforts. The study, through a mixed-method study, used a stratified random sample of 678 stakeholders representing different regions of Pakistan, i.e., Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan, AJK, and GB. The findings highlight a policy disconnect between federal and provincial systems, poor infrastructure, lack of trained teachers, economic constraints, and cultural resistances, particularly in rural areas.