Faculty Research and Publications

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    Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Religious Texts – A Systematic Mapping Study
    (International Open University, 2025-09) Shahzad, Khurram; Ashraf, Adnan
    The rapid advancement of technology is profoundly reshaping many aspects of human life. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) are emerging as transformative forces, changing how problems are approached and solutions are developed. Given the profound importance of religion and religious texts in individuals’ lives, examining the impact of AI in this domain has become an important area of inquiry. This study presents a comprehensive and objective overview of the application of AI and NLP to religious texts, with a focus on Islamic and Biblical scriptures. A Systematic Mapping Study was conducted following established guidelines to examine the existing body of AI and NLP research related to religious texts. In total, 41 studies were analyzed in relation to two research questions. The findings highlight the limited amount of research on the application of AI to religious texts and discuss the current limitations of AI in this field. The results also indicate that most existing approaches do not yet utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT), which could potentially address more complex analytical challenges in this area.
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    The Role of the Internet in the Phenomenon of Islamophobia
    (International Open University, 2024-02) Ashraf, Adnan; Gul, Samina
    Islamophobia has emerged as a significant global issue, profoundly affecting Muslims both individually and collectively within their societies. With rapid technological advancement, the internet and social media have become major platforms for the spread of Islamophobic sentiments. This study examines the role of various social media platforms in fostering online Islamophobia, which can contribute to offline hate crimes against Muslims, particularly in Western countries. The consequences of Islamophobia extend across physical, psychological, and social dimensions, manifesting in increased stress, mental health challenges, and social marginalization. On an individual level, it can lead to adverse physical health outcomes, including heightened stress and related health issues. The psychological impact, although difficult to measure precisely, contributes to a range of mental health problems among affected individuals. Socially, Muslims often experience marginalization within their own societies, facing discrimination that intensifies feelings of isolation and otherness. In addition, online hate speech and stereotyping of Muslims tend to increase following acts of terrorism, reflecting and reinforcing existing Islamophobic attitudes. Unfortunately, terrorism is frequently and disproportionately associated with Islam, which can influence policies that negatively target Muslim communities. The absence of specific anti-Islamophobia legislation further complicates efforts to address and measure the full scope of the problem. The findings of this study indicate that Muslims in Western countries experience discrimination in their daily lives, affecting not only their health but also their decisions related to education, career paths, and social participation. Despite these challenges, encouraging efforts are being made by individuals, organizations, and governments to counter misconceptions about Islam and to promote greater inclusivity and understanding.